### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **mᵉchôlâh**, represented by `{{H4246}}`, is the feminine of מָחוֹל and primarily means a **dance**. It appears **8 times** across **8 unique verses**, where it can also be translated as **company**. This term is used to describe both sacred and profane acts of group celebration and movement.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H4246}}` is frequently associated with joyous celebration, often accompanied by music. After the parting of the Red Sea, Miriam the prophetess led the women of Israel with timbrels and with **dances** [[Exodus 15:20]]. Similarly, women came out singing and **dancing** to celebrate the military victories of Saul and David [[1 Samuel 18:6]]. However, the word is also used in a negative context to describe the idolatrous **dancing** of the Israelites around the golden calf, which provoked Moses' anger [[Exodus 32:19]]. In a unique instance, it is translated as **company** to describe the majestic appearance of the Shulamite [[Song of Solomon 6:13]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help illuminate the context and nature of `{{H4246}}`:
* `{{H2342}}` **chûwl** (to dance, to whirl): This primitive root describes the physical action of dancing. It is used alongside `{{H4246}}` when describing the daughters of Shiloh who "come out **to dance** in **dances**" [[Judges 21:21]].
* `{{H8596}}` **tôph** (timbrel): This musical instrument, a type of tambourine, is frequently mentioned as an accompaniment to the dance. It appears with **dances** in the celebration led by Miriam [[Exodus 15:20]] and in the greeting for Jephthah by his daughter [[Judges 11:34]].
* `{{H8057}}` **simchâh** (joy, gladness): This word captures the emotion that often inspires the dance. The women who met Saul and David came out "dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with **joy**" [[1 Samuel 18:6]].
* `{{H4264}}` **machăneh** (company, army, host): This word is used to clarify the meaning of `{{H4246}}` in the figurative sense of a large group, as in "the **company** of two **armies**" [[Song of Solomon 6:13]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H4246}}` lies in its application, which can be directed toward either God or idols.
* **Worshipful Praise:** Dance is presented as a legitimate and powerful expression of worship and gratitude toward God for His deliverance and mighty acts, as exemplified by Miriam and the women of Israel [[Exodus 15:20]].
* **Communal Celebration:** The act of dancing serves as a public and communal affirmation of national joy and victory, such as the celebration of David's military prowess which was commemorated in **dances** [[1 Samuel 21:11]].
* **Idolatrous Perversion:** The same physical act can become a symbol of apostasy and rebellion. The **dancing** before the golden calf represents a profound betrayal of God, turning a potential act of worship into profane revelry [[Exodus 32:19]].
* **Majestic Assembly:** Figuratively, the term can evoke the image of a powerful and impressive gathering. When the Shulamite is likened to the "**company** of two armies," it portrays her as having a majestic and formidable presence [[Song of Solomon 6:13]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H4246}}` is a dynamic word that encapsulates a range of expressions, from sacred, joyful worship to profane, idolatrous celebration. It is almost always a communal activity, reflecting the shared emotions of a group in response to significant events. Whether describing a dance of victory or a formidable company, **mᵉchôlâh** illustrates how physical expression in the Bible derives its meaning from the object of its focus.
TRV