### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew noun H4139 (מוּלָה, transliterated as *mûwlâh*) directly signifies "circumcision." It is derived from the verbal root H4135 (מוּל, *mûl*), which means "to circumcise" or "to cut off." The term mûwlâh specifically refers to the physical act of excising the foreskin, or the state resulting from this act. Its semantic range is narrow and precise, focusing exclusively on this ritual practice. Unlike other terms that might carry broader metaphorical implications, mûwlâh maintains a concrete and literal meaning within the biblical text.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word H4139 (מוּלָה, *mûwlâh*) appears only once in the Masoretic Text, found in [[Exodus 4:26]]. This singular occurrence is profoundly significant, embedded within a critical narrative concerning Moses' journey back to Egypt and a divine encounter that threatened his life.
The passage reads: "So he let him alone. Then she said, 'Surely a bridegroom of blood you are to me, because of the circumcision (מוּלָה).'" ([[Exodus 4:26]]).
In this context, Zipporah, Moses' wife, performs an emergency circumcision on their son (likely Gershom, though some interpretations suggest Moses himself) using a flint knife, in response to the Lord's threat to kill Moses for his failure to circumcise his son. The use of mûwlâh here underscores the immediate and life-saving consequence of the ritual. Zipporah's enigmatic declaration, "a bridegroom of blood," is directly linked to this act of mûwlâh, highlighting the covenantal blood spilled and its efficacy in averting divine judgment. The verse emphasizes the absolute necessity of obedience to the Abrahamic covenant's sign, even in dire circumstances, and portrays circumcision as an act that establishes or renews a vital bond, marked by blood.
### Related Words & Concepts
The term H4139 (מוּלָה, *mûwlâh*) is intrinsically linked to its verbal root H4135 (מוּל, *mûl*), "to circumcise," which is the primary verb used for the act itself. Other related nouns include H4137 (מָלָה, *mālâh*), also meaning "circumcision," though less frequently used than the concept conveyed by the root H4135.
Beyond the specific lexical family, mûwlâh is conceptually tied to:
* **The Abrahamic Covenant:** Circumcision was established as the perpetual sign of God's covenant with Abraham and his descendants ([[Genesis 17:10-14]]). It served as a physical mark of identity and inclusion within the covenant community, distinguishing Israel from other nations.
* **Purity and Holiness:** The act of circumcision was associated with ritual purity and setting apart for God.
* **Metaphorical Circumcision:** The Old Testament also introduces the concept of an "uncircumcised heart" or "uncircumcised ears," signifying spiritual rebellion, stubbornness, or insensitivity to God's word ([[Leviticus 26:41]], [[Deuteronomy 10:16]], [[Jeremiah 4:4]], [[Jeremiah 9:26]]). This metaphorical usage contrasts sharply with the physical mûwlâh, pointing towards a deeper, internal transformation required by God. The New Testament further develops this, emphasizing the "circumcision of the heart" that is spiritual, not physical ([[Romans 2:28-29]], [[Colossians 2:11-13]]).
### Theological Significance
The singular occurrence of H4139 (מוּלָה, *mûwlâh*) in [[Exodus 4:26]] encapsulates profound theological truths. Primarily, it underscores the **absolute imperative of obedience to God's covenant commands**. Moses' life was threatened precisely because the sign of the covenant had not been applied to his son. This incident highlights that covenant membership is not merely a privilege but also entails solemn responsibilities, the neglect of which can have severe consequences.
Furthermore, mûwlâh in this context reveals the **life-preserving power of the covenant sign**. The shedding of blood in circumcision, as evidenced by Zipporah's declaration of a "bridegroom of blood," points to the deep theological connection between blood, covenant, and atonement. The blood of circumcision here serves as a means of averting divine wrath and securing life, foreshadowing the greater redemptive work accomplished through the shedding of blood in subsequent divine covenants.
Theologically, mûwlâh also serves as a foundational element in understanding **Israel's distinct identity as a holy people set apart by God**. It was the physical mark that identified them as recipients of God's promises and obligations. While a physical act, its spiritual implications were always paramount, pointing towards a deeper consecration and commitment to the Lord. This physical sign, though superseded by the spiritual "circumcision of Christ" in the New Covenant, remains a powerful testament to God's covenant faithfulness and the seriousness with which He regards His commands.
### Summary
The Hebrew word H4139 (מוּלָה, *mûwlâh*) unequivocally designates "circumcision," deriving from the verb H4135 (מוּל, *mûl*). Its sole appearance in [[Exodus 4:26]] is highly significant, illustrating the critical importance of obedience to God's covenant commands and the life-saving efficacy of the ritual. This singular instance underscores circumcision as a solemn, blood-sealed act that averts divine judgment and marks one as belonging to God's covenant people. Theologically, mûwlâh serves as a tangible symbol of God's covenant faithfulness, the necessity of obedience, and the profound connection between blood, covenant, and redemption, ultimately foreshadowing the spiritual circumcision of the heart found in Christ.
TRV