### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **kashshîyl**, represented by `{{H3781}}`, refers to an **ax**. Its definition, "properly, a feller, i.e. an axe," indicates a tool for cutting or breaking down. This specific term is exceptionally rare, appearing only **1 time** across **1 unique verse** in the entire Bible.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its single biblical appearance, `{{H3781}}` is used to describe an act of destructive force against sacred objects. The psalmist laments the violation of the sanctuary in [[Psalms 74:6]], stating, "But now they break down the carved work thereof at once with **axes** and hammers." Here, the axe is not a tool of construction or husbandry but an instrument of violent desecration wielded by enemies.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words appear in the same verse, providing a fuller picture of this destructive act:
* `{{H3597}}` **kêylaph** (hammer): Defined as "a club or sledge-hammer," this word appears alongside `{{H3781}}` to emphasize the brutal, forceful nature of the attack on the sanctuary's artwork [[Psalms 74:6]].
* `{{H1986}}` **hâlam** (to strike down): This verb, meaning to "strike down" or "break (down)," describes the action performed with the axes and hammers, conveying a sense of complete destruction [[Psalms 74:6]].
* `{{H6603}}` **pittûwach** (carved work): This noun refers to "sculpture" or "carved (work)," identifying the ornate and sacred objects that are the target of the destructive tools [[Psalms 74:6]].
* `{{H3162}}` **yachad** (together): As an adverb meaning "unitedly" or "at once," this term shows that the destruction was a coordinated and swift effort, leaving no part of the carved work untouched [[Psalms 74:6]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H3781}}` is tied directly to its singular, violent context.
* **Instrument of Desecration:** The axe is presented as a tool of sacrilege. Its use against the "carved work" `{{H6603}}` of the sanctuary represents a direct and hostile assault on a place of worship and the God to whom it is dedicated.
* **Symbol of Hostile Force:** Paired with hammers `{{H3597}}`, the axe symbolizes an overwhelming and brutal force intent on ruin. The act of breaking down `{{H1986}}` with these instruments portrays the totality of the enemy's conquest.
* **Contrast to Sacred Artistry:** The use of a crude felling tool like an axe against finely made "carved work" `{{H6603}}` creates a stark contrast between destruction and creation, highlighting the tragic undoing of dedicated craftsmanship.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3781}}` **kashshîyl** is a highly specific term for an **ax** whose meaning is defined entirely by its sole appearance in scripture. It is not a neutral object but a potent symbol of desecration, used in its context to portray the violent and complete destruction of sacred art within a holy place. This word powerfully illustrates how an ordinary tool can represent a profound act of hostility against God and His sanctuary.
TRV