from יֶתֶר with pron. suffix; his excellence; Jethro, Moses' father-in-law; Jethro. Compare יֶתֶר.
Transliteration:Yithrôw
Pronunciation:yith-ro'
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew lemma H3503 (Yithrôw) is derived from the root H3499 (yether), which conveys meanings such as "remainder," "abundance," "superiority," or "excellence." The suffix "-ô" functions as a possessive pronoun, meaning "his." Therefore, the name "Yithrôw" literally translates to "his excellence" or "his abundance." This etymological root suggests a quality of prominence, distinction, or even surplus. In the biblical text, H3503 is exclusively used as the proper name for Moses' father-in-law, the priest of Midian. Its meaning subtly foreshadows the wisdom and counsel Jethro offers to Moses.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The name H3503 (Yithrôw) appears predominantly in the book of Exodus. He is first introduced as the father of Zipporah, whom Moses marries during his exile in Midian ([[Exodus 2:16]], [[Exodus 2:18]], [[Exodus 2:21]]). Jethro provides refuge and a family for Moses, demonstrating hospitality and a significant role in Moses' formative years before the Exodus.
His most notable appearances occur after the Exodus, when he visits Moses in the wilderness. In [[Exodus 18]], Jethro hears of Yahweh's mighty acts on behalf of Israel and comes to meet Moses. His response is one of profound theological insight: "Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods" ([[Exodus 18:11]]), leading him to offer sacrifices to Yahweh alongside Aaron and the elders of Israel ([[Exodus 18:12]]). This is remarkable, given his identity as a priest of Midian, suggesting a recognition of Yahweh's unique sovereignty.
Furthermore, Jethro observes Moses' overwhelming burden of judging the people all day long and offers crucial, divinely inspired counsel. He advises Moses to delegate judicial responsibility to "able men who fear God, men of truth, who hate dishonest gain" ([[Exodus 18:21]]), structuring a system of graded authority. Moses heeds this advice, establishing a foundational administrative framework for Israel ([[Exodus 18:24-26]]). This act highlights Jethro's practical wisdom and his contribution to the nascent nation of Israel.
While primarily known as Jethro, he is also referred to as Reuel ([[Exodus 2:18]]) and Hobab ([[Numbers 10:29]], [[Judges 4:11]]), which has led to scholarly discussion regarding his full identity or the precise relationship between these names. Regardless, the figure of Jethro, the wise counselor, remains consistent.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary related word is the root H3499 (yether), from which "Yithrôw" is derived. This root's semantic range of "excellence," "abundance," or "superiority" directly informs the understanding of Jethro's character and his significant contribution.
Other related concepts include:
* H3558 (kahan): "Priest." Jethro's identification as the "priest of Midian" underscores his spiritual authority within his own community and lends weight to his theological pronouncements regarding Yahweh.
* Wisdom: Jethro's counsel to Moses on judicial administration aligns with themes found in biblical wisdom literature, emphasizing practical insight, order, and effective governance. His advice showcases a wisdom that transcends ethnic or religious boundaries, being readily embraced by Moses.
* Delegation: The concept of delegating authority, as advised by Jethro, is a critical principle for leadership and organizational structure, found throughout biblical narratives and later applied in various contexts.
### Theological Significance
Jethro's name, "his excellence," is fitting for a figure who demonstrates profound wisdom and spiritual insight. His recognition of Yahweh's supremacy, even as a non-Israelite priest, is theologically significant. It illustrates that God's revelation is not confined solely to the covenant people but can be perceived and acknowledged by those outside the direct lineage of Abraham. This universal aspect of God's sovereignty is a recurring theme in Scripture.
Furthermore, Jethro's counsel to Moses regarding the delegation of judicial authority is a pivotal moment in the formation of Israel's legal and administrative system. It demonstrates that God can use diverse instruments—even a non-Israelite father-in-law—to impart crucial wisdom for the governance of His people. This highlights the practical and communal aspects of divine guidance. Jethro's advice prevented Moses from burnout and established a sustainable model for justice, showcasing God's concern for order and the well-being of His people through wise leadership. His role underscores the value of external, objective counsel and the importance of humility in leadership to receive such wisdom.
### Summary
The Hebrew name H3503 (Yithrôw), meaning "his excellence" or "his abundance," designates Moses' father-in-law, the priest of Midian. Appearing primarily in the book of Exodus, Jethro is portrayed as a figure of remarkable wisdom and spiritual discernment. He welcomed Moses during his exile and, crucially, offered sagacious counsel on the delegation of judicial authority, a foundational act for Israel's nascent governance. His acknowledgment of Yahweh's supremacy, despite being a Midianite priest, underscores the universal reach of God's revelation. Jethro's name reflects his character, embodying practical leadership and a capacity for recognizing divine truth, making him a pivotal, albeit non-Israelite, contributor to Israel's early development and a testament to God's ability to work through diverse individuals.
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