### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **yôwnâh**, represented by `{{H3123}}`, is the primary term for **dove** or **pigeon**. It appears 32 times in 32 unique verses, with its definition suggesting an association with the warmth of mating. The term is used to refer to the literal bird as well as in a rich variety of symbolic contexts throughout Scripture.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H3123}}` is used in several distinct ways. It plays a crucial role in the sacrificial system as an acceptable offering for those who cannot afford a lamb, particularly for sin offerings and purification rites ([[Leviticus 5:7]], [[Leviticus 12:8]]). Figuratively, it is a term of endearment, as seen in the Song of Solomon where the beloved is called "my **dove**" ([[Song of Solomon 2:14]], [[Song of Solomon 5:2]]). The dove also symbolizes deep sorrow, with characters describing their mourning like the sound of a **dove** ([[Isaiah 38:14]], [[Isaiah 59:11]]). In the Genesis flood narrative, it is the **dove** that returns to Noah with an olive leaf, signaling that the waters had receded from the earth [[Genesis 8:11]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words expand upon the imagery and context of the dove:
* `{{H8449}}` **tôwr** (a ring-dove): This word for turtledove is frequently paired with **yôwnâh**, especially in the context of sacrificial offerings where two birds are required [[Leviticus 5:7]].
* `{{H1121}}` **ben** (a son): This term is often used to specify "young **pigeons**" (`ben yôwnâh`), indicating the age of the bird suitable for an offering ([[Leviticus 1:14]], [[Numbers 6:10]]).
* `{{H5775}}` **ʻôwph** (a bird): This is a general term for birds or fowl. When an offering of fowls is permitted, **yôwnâh** is listed as a specific, acceptable type [[Leviticus 1:14]].
* `{{H6963}}` **qôwl** (a voice or sound): The "voice" of the **dove** is highlighted for its sweetness [[Song of Solomon 2:14]] and as a sound of mourning or leading [[Nahum 2:7]].
* `{{H84}}` **ʼebrâh** (a pinion): This word for feathers is used alongside **yôwnâh** in Psalms to create a striking image of a dove's wings covered with silver and gold [[Psalms 68:13]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H3123}}` is evident in its diverse applications:
* **Provision for the Poor:** By designating the dove as a substitute for a more expensive lamb, the Law provides a way for all Israelites, regardless of wealth, to participate in atonement and purification rituals ([[Leviticus 5:7]], [[Leviticus 12:8]]).
* **Messenger of Peace:** The dove's role in the flood account is foundational. Its return with an olive leaf is a sign of God's receding judgment and the promise of new life on earth, making it an enduring symbol of hope [[Genesis 8:11]].
* **Symbol of Affection:** In the Song of Solomon, the dove is used as a term of intimate love and is described as "undefiled" and unique, reflecting value and purity in a cherished relationship ([[Song of Solomon 5:2]], [[Song of Solomon 6:9]]).
* **Emblem of Mourning:** Prophets use the mournful sound of doves to illustrate Israel's sorrow over iniquity and the consequences of sin, connecting the bird's nature to the human experience of repentance and judgment ([[Isaiah 59:11]], [[Ezekiel 7:16]]).
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3123}}` is far more than a simple avian term. It is a multi-faceted symbol woven into the legal, narrative, and poetic texts of the Bible. It illustrates God's provision for the poor in worship, acts as a messenger of peace after destruction, represents the beauty of pure love, and gives a voice to profound sorrow. The **dove** stands as a powerful example of how the natural world is used in Scripture to convey deep spiritual truths.
TRV