from an unused root of uncertain signification; a fist (only in the dual); fists, (both) hands, hand(-ful).
Transliteration:chôphen
Pronunciation:kho'-fen
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The lemma חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`) derives from an unused root of uncertain signification. Its core meaning centers on "a fist," but critically, the word appears exclusively in the dual form in the Hebrew Bible. This grammatical feature means it always refers to "fists" or, more commonly in context, "both hands" cupped together. The semantic range thus extends to the capacity of two cupped hands, translating frequently as "handful." This dual aspect is fundamental to understanding its usage, emphasizing a complete or full measure contained within the physical capacity of both hands.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The occurrences of חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`) in the Hebrew Bible, though few, are highly significant, primarily within ritual and cultic contexts.
In [[Exodus 9:8]], the word describes Moses taking "handfuls" of soot from a furnace to cast into the air, initiating the plague of boils. The dual form here emphasizes the full measure of the ashes and the complete, deliberate action of Moses, acting as God's agent in judgment.
The most prominent usage is found in the book of Leviticus, specifically concerning the regulations for offerings. For the grain offering (מִנְחָה, `{{H4503}}`), the priest is commanded to take "his handful" of the fine flour, oil, and frankincense as the memorial portion to be burned on the altar (e.g., [[Leviticus 2:2]], [[Leviticus 2:16]], [[Leviticus 5:12]]). This "handful" represents the consecrated portion set apart for Yahweh, highlighting the precision and sacredness of the offering. The act of gathering with both hands implies a deliberate, complete, and reverent presentation.
Similarly, in the ritual for the Day of Atonement, the high priest is instructed to take a censer full of burning coals and "his hands full" of sweet incense to bring within the veil into the Holy of Holies (e.g., [[Leviticus 16:12]]). Here, "his hands full" (literally "his two hands full") emphasizes the generous and complete amount of incense necessary for atonement, underscoring the solemnity and completeness of the act.
The consistent use of חֹפֶן in these cultic settings underscores its association with precise ritual action, divinely prescribed measurements, and the reverent presentation of offerings before God.
### Related Words & Concepts
* **Hand (יָד, `{{H3027}}`):** While יָד is the general term for "hand" and carries a broad semantic range (power, agency, possession), חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`) specifically denotes the capacity of the hand(s) to contain or present, particularly in the dual form as a "handful."
* **Measure (מִדָּה, `{{H4060}}`):** Although חֹפֶן itself is not a standard unit of measure, its consistent use in cultic contexts implies a divinely ordained quantity. It functions as a specific, prescribed "measure" for sacred offerings, signifying a precise and acceptable amount.
* **Offering (קָרְבָּן, `{{H7133}}`; מִנְחָה, `{{H4503}}`):** חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`) is intrinsically linked to the act of presenting offerings, especially the grain offering and incense. It describes the physical action of gathering and presenting the sacred substance, emphasizing the tangible aspect of worship.
* **Fist (clenched) (אֶגְרֹף, `{{H2682}}`):** While חֹפֶן can mean "fist," the word אֶגְרֹף (egroph, `{{H2682}}`) more commonly refers to a clenched fist, often associated with striking or violence. חֹפֶן, even when translated as "fist," maintains its dual connotation and primary association with holding or presenting.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`) is deeply embedded in its cultic usage.
Firstly, it underscores the principle of **prescribed worship and meticulous obedience**. The "handful" is not an arbitrary amount but a divinely commanded portion, highlighting God's demand for precision and adherence to His instructions in worship. This detail emphasizes the seriousness with which offerings were to be prepared and presented.
Secondly, the act of taking a "handful" signifies **dedication and consecration**. It represents the portion set apart *from* the whole and given *to* Yahweh, symbolizing a complete and unreserved act of devotion. This act of separation and offering is foundational to the covenant relationship between God and Israel.
Thirdly, in the context of the plague of boils, Moses' "handfuls" of ashes represent **divine judgment and sovereign power**. The physical act performed by Moses, empowered by God, demonstrates the Lord's absolute control over creation and His ability to execute justice with tangible, devastating effects.
Finally, the implied use of "both hands" (due to the dual form) suggests a **full and complete presentation**. It is not a partial or grudging offering, but one given with the full capacity of the offerer, symbolizing a wholehearted act of devotion, obedience, or a complete manifestation of divine action.
### Summary
The Hebrew word חֹפֶן (chôphen, `{{H2651}}`), exclusively appearing in the dual form, literally means "fists" but semantically denotes "both hands" cupped together, and by extension, a "handful." Its biblical occurrences are concentrated in cultic contexts, particularly in Leviticus, where it describes the precise, consecrated portion of grain offerings and incense presented to Yahweh. It also appears in Exodus, signifying the tangible means of divine judgment. Theologically, חֹפֶן underscores the principles of meticulous, prescribed worship, the dedication inherent in offering a complete portion to God, and the tangible manifestation of divine power and judgment. It serves as a powerful symbol of intentionality and completeness in both human devotion and divine action.
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