a primitive root; (compare חָנַן); (compare בָרַךְ); properly, perhaps to bow (the neck only in courtesy to an equal), i.e. to be kind; also (by euphemistically, but rarely) to reprove; shew self merciful, put to shame.
Transliteration:châçad
Pronunciation:khaw-sad'
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew root H2616 (חָסַד, *châçad*) is a primitive root whose core meaning revolves around the concept of "kindness" or "mercy." Its etymological root is often posited as "to bow the neck" in courtesy, suggesting a voluntary act of deference, respect, and benevolence towards another. This foundational sense gives rise to the primary meaning: to act kindly, to show oneself merciful, or to deal faithfully with someone. It embodies an active demonstration of care and loyalty, especially within a relational or covenantal context.
Beyond this primary sense, the root also possesses a rarer and more nuanced semantic range, sometimes translated as "to reprove" or "to put to shame." Strong's notes this usage as "euphemistically, but rarely." This secondary meaning is not contradictory to the primary, but rather a specific application: a "kindness" that corrects, or a "shaming" that aims to bring about repentance or awareness, often stemming from a place of genuine concern rather than malice. It can signify a corrective act that is ultimately for the good of the recipient, or a situation where one is exposed or shamed due to a failure to act with *hesed*.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb H2616 (חָסַד, *châçad*) appears in various forms and contexts, illustrating its dual semantic range. Its most prominent usage aligns with the primary meaning of showing kindness or mercy.
A clear example of "showing oneself merciful" is found in [[Psalm 18:25]]: "With the merciful (חָסִד) you show yourself merciful (תִּתְחַסָּד); with the blameless man you show yourself blameless." Here, the verb describes God's reciprocal and just dealings, mirroring the character of those who act with *hesed*. It underscores the active demonstration of covenant loyalty and steadfast love. Similarly, in [[2 Samuel 22:26]], a parallel passage, the verb again highlights the divine attribute of extending mercy to those who are merciful.
The rarer sense of "reproving" or "putting to shame" is also attested. In [[Proverbs 25:10]], the warning is given: "lest he who hears it put you to shame (יַחְסִדְךָ), and your ill repute will not depart." Here, the verb denotes the act of exposing someone's fault or indiscretion, leading to public disgrace. This "shaming" is a consequence of one's actions, and the verb *châçad* describes the act of bringing that consequence to bear.
Another significant passage that bridges both meanings is [[Psalm 141:5]]: "Let the righteous strike me; it shall be a kindness (חֶסֶד); let him reprove me; it shall be as oil on my head; it shall not break my head; for still my prayer is against their wicked deeds." While the noun *hesed* is used here, the underlying verbal action of "reproving" (from a different root, but in parallel) is presented as a form of kindness. This suggests that even a harsh correction, when delivered by the righteous and with good intent, can be an act of genuine care, aligning with the nuanced "reprove" aspect of H2616 when understood as a corrective kindness.
### Related Words & Concepts
The verb H2616 (חָסַד, *châçad*) is inextricably linked to its nominal form, `{{H2617}}` (חֶסֶד, *ḥesed*). While *châçad* is the act of showing kindness, *ḥesed* is the steadfast love, covenant loyalty, and enduring faithfulness itself. The verb is the dynamic expression of the noun's quality.
Other related Hebrew roots include:
* `{{H2603}}` (חָנַן, *ḥānan*): "to be gracious," "to show favor." While both *châçad* and *ḥānan* relate to positive actions, *ḥānan* often emphasizes unmerited favor or pity, whereas *châçad* carries a stronger connotation of loyalty, faithfulness, and obligation within a relationship, especially a covenant.
* `{{H1288}}` (בָּרַךְ, *bārak*): "to bless." The act of *châçad* often results in blessing or is a manifestation of blessing. To be kind and merciful is to impart good, which is a form of blessing.
Conceptually, H2616 is tied to:
* **Covenant:** The actions described by *châçad* are often performed within the framework of a covenant, whether between God and humanity or between individuals. It speaks to the fulfillment of covenant obligations rooted in love and loyalty.
* **Faithfulness and Loyalty:** The verb implies a steadfastness in one's commitment, a consistent demonstration of benevolent action.
* **Justice and Righteousness:** While primarily about mercy, the "reprove" aspect of *châçad* can be seen as an act of corrective justice, aiming to restore righteousness.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of H2616 (חָסַד, *châçad*) is profound, particularly in its application to God's character and His relationship with humanity. When God is described as acting with *châçad*, it highlights His unwavering covenant loyalty, His steadfast love, and His enduring mercy towards His people. This divine attribute is not merely a passive feeling but an active, benevolent engagement in the lives of His creation. It assures believers of God's reliability and His commitment to His promises, even in the face of human unfaithfulness. God's *châçad* is the bedrock of His redemptive plan.
Furthermore, H2616 serves as a model for human conduct. Believers are called to emulate God's *châçad* in their interactions with one another and with God. To "show oneself merciful" is a core ethical demand within the biblical narrative, reflecting a heart aligned with divine principles. This includes not only acts of benevolence but also, in rare cases, the willingness to administer corrective reproof when necessary, provided it stems from a place of genuine love and a desire for the other's well-being and restoration. Such "kindness" is not sentimental but robust, willing to confront for the sake of truth and righteousness.
### Summary
The Hebrew verb H2616 (חָסַד, *châçad*) primarily denotes the active demonstration of "kindness" or "mercy," embodying loyal and steadfast love within a relational or covenantal context. It signifies a benevolent and faithful interaction, such as God showing Himself merciful to the righteous ([[Psalm 18:25]]). Less frequently, and often euphemistically, it can also mean "to reprove" or "to put to shame" ([[Proverbs 25:10]]), suggesting a corrective action that, in certain contexts, can still be understood as a form of kindness aimed at positive transformation. This verb is the active expression of the noun `{{H2617}}` (*ḥesed*), underscoring the deep theological concept of God's unwavering covenant loyalty and serving as a divine imperative for human ethical conduct.
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