The Hebrew word zânab, represented by H2179, is a primitive root used as a denominative to mean to curtail, i.e. cut off the rear; smite the hindmost. It appears 2 times in 2 unique verses, describing a specific and aggressive action directed at the rear of a group.
In its biblical usage, H2179 is presented in two distinct contexts. In Deuteronomy 25:18, it describes a hostile act against Israel, where the enemy smote the hindmost of the people, specifically targeting "all that were feeble" when they were faint and weary. In contrast, Joshua 10:19 uses the term as a military command, where Joshua instructs his forces to pursue their enemies and smite the hindmost of them to prevent them from reaching the safety of their cities.
Several related words help clarify the circumstances surrounding this action:
- H2826 châshal (feeble): This word, meaning "to make (intrans. be) unsteady, i.e. weak; feeble," is used to describe the victims of the attack in Deuteronomy 25:18, emphasizing their vulnerability.
- H341 ʼôyêb (enemy): Defined as "an adversary; enemy, foe," this term identifies the target of the command in Joshua 10:19, where Israel is to smite the hindmost of their enemies.
- H7291 râdaph (pursue): This root, meaning "to run after (usually with hostile intent)," describes the action leading to the use of H2179. Joshua commands the Israelites to pursue their enemies before smiting them Joshua 10:19.
The significance of H2179 is drawn from its application in moral and military contexts.
- A Cowardly Attack: In Deuteronomy 25:18, the act of smiting the hindmost is portrayed as a contemptible assault on the weak and vulnerable. It is attributed to an enemy who "feared not God," marking the action as dishonorable.
- A Strategic Military Maneuver: The command in Joshua 10:19 reframes the same act as a legitimate tactic of war. It is an order to secure a decisive victory by cutting off the enemy's retreat, ensuring they cannot escape after God has "delivered them into your hand."
- Focus on the Vulnerable Rear: In both cases, the word highlights the strategic importance and vulnerability of a group's rearguard, whether it consists of weary stragglers or the last remnants of a fleeing army.
In summary, H2179 provides a highly specific term for attacking the rearguard of a group. Its moral and strategic weight is defined entirely by the context. It can represent either a shameful act of aggression against the feeble, as seen in Deuteronomy 25:18, or a calculated military order to prevent an enemy's escape and complete a victory, as commanded in Joshua 10:19.
TRV