The Hebrew word hôben, represented by H1894, refers to ebony. It is derived from an unused root meaning to be hard and appears only in its plural form. This term occurs just 1 time across 1 unique verse in scripture, where it denotes a valuable trade good.
In its single biblical appearance, H1894 is presented as a valuable commodity in international trade. The prophet Ezekiel, in a lament over the commercial hub of Tyre, lists ebony as part of the tribute or payment brought by merchants. The men of Dedan and other isles "brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony" Ezekiel 27:15, highlighting its status as a luxury good.
Several related words from its sole context illuminate its meaning:
- H7161 qeren (a horn): This word literally means a horn (as projecting) but is used in Ezekiel 27:15 to refer to an elephant's tooth (i.e. ivory). Figuratively, it often symbolizes power, as in "the horn of my salvation" 2 Samuel 22:3.
- H8127 shên (ivory): While its primary meaning is a tooth (as sharp), it is also used specifically for ivory. In Ezekiel 27:15 it is paired with H7161 to form the phrase "horns of ivory". It is also used literally for teeth in contexts of judgment Psalms 3:7.
- H814 ʼeshkâr (present): This term for a gratuity; gift, present clarifies that the ebony and ivory were brought as valuable payment or tribute Ezekiel 27:15. It also appears when kings of the isles "shall offer gifts" Psalms 72:10.
- H7725 shûwb (brought): A versatile root meaning to turn back, it is translated as "brought" in Ezekiel 27:15. Its wider theological use involves returning to God, as in "let him return unto the LORD" Isaiah 55:7.
The theological weight of H1894 is derived entirely from its context within the prophecy against Tyre.
- Symbol of Worldly Wealth: Ebony is listed among the most precious goods of the ancient world. Its inclusion in the inventory of Tyre's merchandise serves to illustrate the city's immense earthly riches and global influence Ezekiel 27:15.
- Part of a Prophetic Warning: The chapter where hôben appears is a prophecy of judgment against Tyre for the pride it took in its commercial success. Therefore, ebony functions as a detail within a larger lesson about the fleeting nature of worldly power when set against divine sovereignty.
- Global Interconnection: The mention of ebony being brought from "many isles" Ezekiel 27:15 demonstrates the vast scope of ancient trade. Theologically, this highlights that God's authority extends over all nations and their enterprises, holding even the wealthiest accountable.
In summary, H1894 hôben is a highly specific term for ebony, appearing only once in the Old Testament. Its significance is not found in the word itself but in its role within the prophecy against Tyre in Ezekiel 27:15. It represents the peak of luxury and international commerce, yet also serves as a component in a divine warning against pride and reliance on material wealth. The word illustrates how even simple, descriptive terms can carry significant weight when viewed within their full prophetic context.
TRV