### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **bēma**, represented by `{{G968}}`, primarily refers to a **tribunal** or **judgment-seat**. It appears 13 times in 12 unique verses. Its definition stems from the idea of a step or platform, extending to concepts like a rostrum, a place to set one's foot, or a throne of authority.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{G968}}` is used in several distinct contexts. It frequently denotes a Roman official's tribunal, or **judgment-seat**, where legal cases were heard. Pontius Pilate is depicted as sitting on the **judgment seat** during the trial of Jesus ([[John 19:13]]; [[Matthew 27:19]]). Similarly, the Apostle Paul is brought before the **judgment seat** of both Gallio in Achaia [[Acts 18:12]] and Festus in Caesarea [[Acts 25:6]]. The term also describes a royal **throne**, as when Herod, in royal apparel, sat upon his **throne** to address the people [[Acts 12:21]]. In a more literal sense, it refers to a place to **set foot on**, signifying physical possession or inheritance [[Acts 7:5]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the function and context of the `{{G968}}` **bēma**:
* `{{G2919}}` **krínō** (to try, condemn, punish): This word describes the very purpose of the **judgment-seat**. Paul states at Caesar's **judgment seat** is where he ought to be **judged** [[Acts 25:10]].
* `{{G2523}}` **kathízō** (to sit down): This verb is frequently used to describe a ruler or judge taking their position upon the **judgment seat** to exercise authority, as Pilate did [[John 19:13]] and as Festus did when commanding Paul be brought before him [[Acts 25:6]].
* `{{G1042}}` **gabbathá** (Gabbatha): This is a specific vernacular term for the Roman tribunal in Jerusalem, identified as the location of Pilate's **judgment seat** [[John 19:13]].
* `{{G2541}}` **Kaîsar** (Caesar): This title represents the ultimate Roman authority behind the **judgment-seat** where Paul stood, affirming it as the proper place for a Roman citizen's appeal [[Acts 25:10]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G968}}` is most profound when it shifts from a human court to a divine tribunal.
* **Divine Accountability:** The term is used to describe the **judgment seat** of Christ, establishing that all believers must **stand before** `{{G3936}}` God to give an account [[Romans 14:10]]. We must all **appear** `{{G5319}}` before this seat of judgment [[2 Corinthians 5:10]].
* **Evaluation of Works:** This appearance is not for condemnation but for evaluation, so that each person may **receive** `{{G2865}}` what is due for the things **done** `{{G4238}}` in the body. The deeds are assessed as either **good** `{{G18}}` or **bad** `{{G2556}}`, highlighting a judgment of a believer's works [[2 Corinthians 5:10]].
* **Ultimate Authority:** The earthly **judgment seat**, like that of Pilate or Caesar [[Acts 25:10]], is contrasted with the ultimate and final authority of Christ's **judgment seat**. This frames all human justice and life in the context of a final, divine review.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G968}}` **bēma** evolves from its basic meaning of a physical step to a powerful symbol of judicial authority. It represents the formal tribunal of Roman officials like Pilate and Festus, the royal **throne** of a king like Herod, and ultimately, the future **judgment seat** of Christ. It is at this final **bēma** that all believers will appear to have their life's works evaluated, demonstrating that all earthly authority is subordinate to the ultimate judgment of God.
TRV