from σάρξ; similar to flesh, i.e. (by analogy) soft:--fleshly.
Transliteration:sárkinos
Pronunciation:sar'-kee-nos
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek adjective σάρκινος (sárkinos), Strong's number `{{G4560}}`, is derived directly from σάρξ (sarx), `{{G4561}}`, meaning "flesh." The suffix "-inos" typically denotes the material or substance from which something is made, or its nature as being "of" that material. Thus, σάρκινος means "of flesh," "fleshly," or "made of flesh."
The base definition provided, "similar to flesh, i.e. (by analogy) soft," highlights a crucial nuance. While it describes composition, it often carries an implicit quality: the pliancy, vulnerability, or receptivity associated with flesh, particularly in contrast to hardness (like stone). This distinguishes it from `{{G4559}}` (σαρκικός - sarkikos), which, while also related to "flesh," often describes a moral or spiritual orientation governed by the fallen nature, hence "carnal" or "worldly." σάρκινος, by contrast, can be neutral or even positive, emphasizing the *material* or *nature* as flesh, with its inherent characteristics.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term σάρκινος appears twice in the New Testament, each instance offering a distinct, yet complementary, insight into its meaning:
1. **[[Romans 7:14]]**: "For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am σάρκινος (sárkinos), sold under sin."
* In this context, Paul contrasts the spiritual nature of the Law (πνευματικός - pneumatikos) with his own state as "fleshly." Here, σάρκινος describes the inherent human condition, marked by weakness, mortality, and susceptibility to sin's power, rather than an active choice to be sinful. It speaks to the frailty and limitation of humanity apart from divine intervention, highlighting the struggle of the believer with indwelling sin. It is a statement of being "of flesh," subject to its limitations and the effects of the Fall.
2. **[[2 Corinthians 3:3]]**: "You are manifestly an epistle of Christ, ministered by us, written not with ink but by the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of σάρκινος (sárkinos) hearts."
* This is a profoundly significant and positive usage of σάρκινος. Here, "fleshly hearts" are directly contrasted with "tablets of stone," an allusion to the Old Covenant Law written on stone tablets (e.g., [[Exodus 34:1]]). The "sárkinos hearts" signify hearts that are living, soft, malleable, and receptive to the Spirit of God, capable of having God's law written internally, not merely externally. This echoes the Old Testament promise of a new covenant where God would replace a "heart of stone" with a "heart of flesh" (e.g., [[Ezekiel 11:19]]; [[Ezekiel 36:26]]). The Corinthians, as a living epistle, demonstrate this internal transformation, signifying the superiority and efficacy of the New Covenant ministered by the Spirit.
### Related Words & Concepts
* **`{{G4561}}` (σάρξ - sarx)**: The root word for σάρκινος, meaning "flesh." Its semantic range is broad, encompassing the physical body, human nature in general, humanity as distinct from God, and often, in a theological sense, the fallen, sinful nature opposed to the Spirit. Understanding σάρξ is foundational to grasping σάρκινος.
* **`{{G4559}}` (σαρκικός - sarkikos)**: This is a crucial word to distinguish from σάρκινος. While both relate to "flesh," σαρκικός typically denotes a *moral or spiritual orientation* governed by the flesh, often implying carnality, worldliness, or spiritual immaturity (e.g., [[1 Corinthians 3:1]], [[1 Corinthians 3:3]]). σάρκινος, on the other hand, describes the *material composition* or *nature* as being "of flesh," which can be neutral or, as in [[2 Corinthians 3:3]], positively receptive. The distinction is subtle but vital for accurate interpretation.
* **`{{H3820}}` (לֵב - lev)**: "Heart." The Old Testament concept of the "heart of stone" versus the "heart of flesh" (e.g., [[Ezekiel 36:26]]) directly informs Paul's use of "sárkinos hearts" in [[2 Corinthians 3:3]], highlighting the continuity of God's redemptive plan.
* **New Covenant:** The concept of the New Covenant, where God's law is written on the hearts of His people by the Spirit (e.g., [[Jeremiah 31:33]]), is central to understanding the positive use of σάρκινος.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of σάρκινος lies in its nuanced portrayal of human nature and divine transformation:
1. **Human Frailty and Dependence:** In [[Romans 7:14]], σάρκινος underscores the fundamental weakness and vulnerability of humanity in its fallen state. It is not an excuse for sin, but a profound statement about the human condition that necessitates divine grace and the empowering work of the Holy Spirit. Even the redeemed believer, while spiritually renewed, still inhabits a "fleshly" body susceptible to the lingering effects of sin in a fallen world. This highlights the ongoing need for God's power to live righteously.
2. **The Transformative Power of the New Covenant:** The use of "sárkinos hearts" in [[2 Corinthians 3:3]] is a powerful testament to the New Covenant's transformative power. It signifies a radical internal change wrought by the Spirit, moving from a rigid, external adherence to law (stone tablets) to an internal, living, and receptive relationship with God's will. This speaks to the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, who writes God's desires directly onto the heart, enabling genuine obedience and intimacy with God. It represents the fulfillment of prophetic promises and the superiority of the Spirit's ministry over the Law's.
3. **Distinction from Carnality:** The subtle yet crucial distinction between σάρκινος and σαρκικός is essential for sound theology. σάρκινος describes the physical and inherent nature of humanity, which can be a vessel for either sin or the Spirit. σαρκικός, however, often describes a moral state of being dominated by the fallen desires of the flesh. Understanding this difference prevents misinterpretations that might equate being "fleshly" (σάρκινος) with being "carnal" (σαρκικός) in a pejorative sense, thereby obscuring the positive potential for a "fleshly heart" to be Spirit-filled and God-responsive.
### Summary
σάρκινος (sárkinos), `{{G4560}}`, describes something as "of flesh" or "fleshly," often with the connotation of being soft, malleable, or susceptible. Its two biblical occurrences provide a dual perspective on human nature:
* In [[Romans 7:14]], it highlights the inherent frailty and weakness of the human condition, which is susceptible to sin's influence, contrasting with the spiritual nature of the Law.
* In [[2 Corinthians 3:3]], it positively describes "fleshly hearts" as receptive and living, contrasting with hard "hearts of stone" and signifying the profound internal transformation brought about by the Spirit under the New Covenant.
This term is critically distinguished from `{{G4559}}` (σαρκικός - sarkikos), which more often denotes a morally negative "carnal" or "sinful" orientation. Theologically, σάρκινος underscores both humanity's inherent weakness and God's capacity to transform the human heart, making it a living tablet upon which His Spirit writes His divine will.
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