### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **maínomai**, represented by `{{G3105}}`, means to rave as a "maniac" or to be beside oneself. It appears **6 times** across **5 unique verses** in the Bible. The term stems from the idea of an "insensate craving" and is consistently used to describe a state perceived as madness or irrationality.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{G3105}}` is often an accusation leveled against those delivering a divine or unbelievable message. In response to Paul’s testimony, Festus exclaims, "thou art beside thyself" [[Acts 26:24]]. Similarly, some accused Jesus, saying, "He hath a devil, and is mad" [[John 10:20]]. The disciples used the term when reacting with disbelief to Rhoda’s news of Peter’s miraculous release from prison, telling her, "Thou art mad" [[Acts 12:15]]. Paul also uses it hypothetically, warning that if unbelievers enter a church where all are speaking with tongues, they will say "ye are mad" [[1 Corinthians 14:23]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the meaning of madness and its opposite:
* `{{G3130}}` **manía** (craziness): This word is directly paired with `{{G3105}}` in the accusation against Paul. Festus claims that much learning was making Paul mad [[Acts 26:24]], using this term to describe the state of "craziness."
* `{{G1140}}` **daimónion** (a dæmonic being): This term is linked to `{{G3105}}` as a perceived cause of madness. In [[John 10:20]], the crowd accuses Jesus of having a "devil" and being "mad," suggesting demonic influence as the source of his behavior.
* `{{G4997}}` **sōphrosýnē** (soundness of mind... soberness, sobriety): This word is used as the direct antonym to being mad. When defending himself, Paul insists he is not mad `{{G3105}}` but speaks words of "truth and soberness" [[Acts 26:25]], positioning soundness of mind as the opposite of the state described by `maínomai`.
### Theological Significance
The use of `{{G3105}}` highlights several important theological themes:
* **An Accusation Against Divine Revelation:** The word is frequently used as a charge against God's messengers. Both Jesus and Paul are accused of being mad when presenting truths that defy worldly understanding ([[John 10:20]], [[Acts 26:24]]). This shows how the divine message can be perceived as irrational by those who do not believe.
* **The Opposition of Madness and Soberness:** Paul’s defense before Festus establishes a clear dichotomy. He contrasts being mad `{{G3105}}` with speaking words of "truth and soberness" `{{G4997}}` [[Acts 26:25]]. This frames the Christian testimony not as raving, but as the ultimate expression of sanity and clear-mindedness.
* **Perception of the Supernatural:** The term is used to describe the human reaction to events that seem impossible. The disciples' dismissal of Rhoda's report as madness [[Acts 12:15]] and the potential reaction of unbelievers to speaking in tongues [[1 Corinthians 14:23]] illustrate how spiritual phenomena can be misinterpreted as insanity.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G3105}}` goes beyond a simple definition of mental illness. It functions within the biblical text as a label for what the world deems irrational, particularly the claims of Christ, the testimony of his followers, and the manifestation of supernatural events. The word serves to highlight the profound gap between worldly perception and spiritual "soberness" and truth.
TRV