### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **kapnós**, represented by `{{G2586}}`, is the term for **smoke**. It appears 13 times across 11 unique verses, with its definition being simply **smoke**, from a word of uncertain affinity. Its usage is concentrated heavily in passages describing divine judgment and power.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical scripture, `{{G2586}}` is almost exclusively found in apocalyptic visions. It is a key visual element signifying destruction and torment, such as the **smoke** rising from the burning of the great city ([[Revelation 18:9]], [[Revelation 18:18]]). This **smoke** is also associated with a permanent state, as the "smoke of their torment" is said to ascend "for ever and ever" [[Revelation 14:11]]. It can also be an obscuring force, as when **smoke** from a great **furnace** darkens the sun and air [[Revelation 9:2]], or a manifestation of God's glory that fills the temple [[Revelation 15:8]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the environments in which **smoke** appears:
* `{{G4442}}` **pŷr**: A primary word for **"fire"**, it is an element of destruction that frequently accompanies **smoke**, as seen when fire, **smoke**, and brimstone issue from the mouths of the apocalyptic horses [[Revelation 9:18]].
* `{{G2575}}` **káminos**: Meaning a **furnace**, this term is the source of the great **smoke** that arises from the bottomless pit [[Revelation 9:2]].
* `{{G929}}` **basanismós**: This word for **torture** is directly connected to the perpetual nature of judgment, described as the **smoke** of their **torment** ascending endlessly [[Revelation 14:11]].
* `{{G2368}}` **thymíama**: Defined as **incense** or an aroma, this word is linked to **smoke** in a holy context, where the **smoke** of the **incense** ascends with the prayers of the saints before God [[Revelation 8:4]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G2586}}` is centered on its role as a powerful symbol in divine revelation.
* **Evidence of Judgment:** **Smoke** serves as the visible proof of judgment executed. When the great city is judged, onlookers see the "smoke of her burning" [[Revelation 18:18]]. It is also a component of the plagues that kill a third of mankind [[Revelation 9:18]].
* **Symbol of Permanence:** The imagery of **smoke** rising "for ever and ever" establishes the unending nature of the consequences for rebellion against God ([[Revelation 14:11]], [[Revelation 19:3]]).
* **Divine Manifestation:** While often a sign of destruction, **smoke** also signifies the awesome glory and power of God, filling the temple so that no one could enter [[Revelation 15:8]]. It is also the vehicle that carries the **incense** of the saints' prayers to God [[Revelation 8:4]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G2586}}` **kapnós** is far more than a simple descriptor for **smoke**. It is a crucial element in biblical prophecy, especially in the book of Revelation. It functions as a potent symbol for the consequences of divine judgment, the finality of torment, and the unapproachable glory of God, illustrating how a common physical phenomenon is used to convey profound spiritual truths.
TRV