from κατά; and (to sit; akin to the base of ἑδραῖος); to sit down; figuratively, to remain, reside:--dwell, sit (by, down).
Transliteration:káthēmai
Pronunciation:kath'-ay-mahee
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb κάθημαι (káthēmai), Strong's number `{{G2521}}`, carries a rich semantic range rooted in its etymology. Derived from the preposition κατά (katá), meaning "down," and a root related to sitting (akin to ἑδραῖος - hedraios, `{{G1476}}`, meaning "firm" or "steadfast"), its primary and most literal meaning is "to sit down" or "to be seated." This denotes a physical posture, implying rest, a cessation of movement, or the assumption of a particular position.
Beyond the literal, κάθημαι extends figuratively to describe a state of being settled, remaining, or residing. In this sense, it conveys permanence, dwelling, or a fixed condition. The nuance of "sitting" can therefore encompass various states: from a simple physical act to a profound theological reality of authority, judgment, or abiding presence. The context invariably determines whether the emphasis is on the physical posture or the more abstract state of being.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb κάθημαι appears frequently throughout the New Testament, illustrating its diverse applications:
1. **Literal Sitting:** Many occurrences simply describe a physical act. Jesus often káthēmai with His disciples for teaching or eating, as seen when He "sat down with the twelve" at the Last Supper [[Matthew 26:20]]. Similarly, when He entered Jerusalem, He "sat on them" (the donkey and colt) [[Matthew 21:7]]. This usage grounds the word in everyday human experience.
2. **Sitting in Authority or Judgment:** A highly significant use of κάθημαι is to denote a position of authority, rule, or judgment. Pilate "sat down on the judgment seat" [[Matthew 27:19]] to render a verdict. More profoundly, Jesus promises His apostles that they "will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel" [[Matthew 19:28]]. This highlights the eschatological authority granted to His followers.
3. **Dwelling or Residing:** The figurative sense of "to remain" or "to reside" is also evident. In the Upper Room, the disciples were "sitting" (ἐκάθηντο) when the sound like a mighty rushing wind filled the house [[Acts 2:2]], indicating their settled presence in that place. Jesus instructs His disciples to "stay (κάθημαι) in the city until you are clothed with power from on high" [[Luke 24:49]], signifying a command to remain and wait. The city of Babylon is depicted in Revelation as "sitting as a queen" [[Revelation 18:7]], illustrating its perceived secure and dominant position.
4. **Sitting at the Feet of a Teacher:** This specific context implies discipleship and submission to instruction. Mary "sat at the Lord's feet and listened to his teaching" [[Luke 10:39]], a posture of humble receptivity.
### Related Words & Concepts
The meaning of κάθημαι is illuminated by its relationship to other Greek terms and theological concepts:
* **Antithesis to Standing or Moving:** It stands in contrast to verbs like ἵστημι (histēmi, `{{G2476}}`, "to stand") or περιπατέω (peripatéō, `{{G4043}}`, "to walk"), emphasizing a state of rest, cessation, or fixed position rather than activity or movement.
* **Synonyms for Dwelling:** It shares semantic overlap with verbs such as μένω (menō, `{{G3306}}`, "to abide, remain") and οἰκέω (oikeō, `{{G3611}}`, "to dwell, inhabit"), particularly in its figurative sense of residing. While menō often implies a continuous state of abiding, káthēmai can emphasize the settled nature of that dwelling.
* **Concepts of Authority and Sovereignty:** The act of "sitting" is intrinsically linked to the concept of a θρόνος (thronos, `{{G2362}}`, "throne"), which is the seat of power and authority. This connection is vital for understanding its theological weight, especially concerning Christ.
* **Rest and Peace:** In some contexts, sitting can imply a state of rest (ἀνάπαυσις - anapausis, `{{G372}}`) or tranquility, a cessation from labor or struggle.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of κάθημαι is profound, particularly in its application to Christ:
1. **Christ's Exaltation and Authority:** The most powerful theological use of κάθημαι is found in passages describing Jesus "sitting at the right hand of God." This phrase, appearing multiple times (e.g., [[Mark 16:19]], [[Hebrews 1:3]], [[Hebrews 8:1]]), is not merely a description of a physical location but a declaration of Christ's completed redemptive work, His supreme exaltation, and His sovereign authority over all creation. It signifies His ongoing intercession and His position as the divine King and High Priest. This "sitting" denotes a permanent, unchallengeable reign.
2. **Judgment and Rule:** As noted, the act of sitting on a throne or judgment seat signifies the exercise of justice and rule. Christ's future role as judge is often depicted with Him seated on His glorious throne ([[Matthew 25:31]]), underscoring His ultimate judicial authority.
3. **Discipleship and Learning:** The posture of "sitting at the feet" of a teacher (e.g., Mary at Jesus' feet) symbolizes a humble, receptive heart ready to learn and submit to divine instruction. It represents a commitment to discipleship and an prioritization of spiritual nourishment.
4. **Security and False Security:** While God's people are called to "sit" or remain in a place of divine protection ([[Luke 24:49]]), the world's powers can also "sit as a queen" ([[Revelation 18:7]]), believing themselves secure in their own strength. This contrast highlights the transient nature of worldly power versus the eternal stability found in Christ.
### Summary
The Greek verb κάθημαι (káthēmai, `{{G2521}}`) is a versatile term whose core meaning of "to sit" extends from a simple physical posture to profound theological implications. Its etymology, combining "down" with a root for "firmness," hints at both physical placement and settled existence. In the New Testament, it describes literal acts of sitting, but more significantly, it conveys states of authority, judgment, and dwelling. The most potent theological application is its use to describe Christ's exaltation and sovereign rule, "sitting at the right hand of God," a testament to His completed work and eternal reign. Furthermore, it speaks to the posture of discipleship in learning, and the contrast between true divine security and false worldly confidence. Thus, κάθημαι encapsulates not only a physical act but also a rich tapestry of spiritual states, positions, and eternal truths.
TRV