### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **ektinássō**, represented by `{{G1621}}`, is defined as **to shake violently** or to **shake (off)**. It appears **4 times** across **4 unique verses** in the Bible. This term describes a deliberate and often symbolic physical action, signifying disassociation, judgment, and a release from responsibility in response to rejection.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{G1621}}` is consistently used to portray a powerful gesture of separation. Jesus instructs his disciples that if a city does not receive them or hear their words, they are to **shake off** the dust of their feet upon departure [[Matthew 10:14]]. This act serves as a "testimony against them" [[Mark 6:11]]. Following this command, disciples are seen performing this action in [[Acts 13:51]], where they **shook off** the dust of their feet against those who rejected their message. A similar, yet distinct, use is found in [[Acts 18:6]], where Paul, in response to opposition and blasphemy, **shook** his raiment and declared, "Your blood be upon your own heads; I am clean," before turning to the Gentiles.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the action of `{{G1621}}`:
* `{{G1607}}` **ekporeúomai** (to depart, be discharged, proceed, project): This word is used in [[Mark 6:11]] just before the command to "shake off," linking the physical act of departing from a place with the symbolic act of shaking off its dust.
* `{{G498}}` **antitássomai** (to range oneself against, i.e. oppose): In [[Acts 18:6]], it is because the people **opposed** themselves that Paul performs the act of shaking his raiment, establishing direct opposition as the cause for this gesture.
* `{{G987}}` **blasphēméō** (to vilify; specially, to speak impiously): This term is used alongside `{{G498}}` in [[Acts 18:6]], showing that Paul's action was a response not just to opposition, but specifically to blasphemy against the message being preached.
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G1621}}` is significant, representing a clear and final response to the rejection of the divine message.
* **A Symbol of Judgment:** The act of shaking off the dust is explicitly described as a "testimony against them" [[Mark 6:11]], serving as a formal, non-verbal declaration that a community has rejected its opportunity for salvation and will be held accountable.
* **A Declaration of Separation:** When Paul **shook** his raiment, he followed it with the words, "I am clean" [[Acts 18:6]]. This action symbolically severs ties and absolves the messenger of any further responsibility for the fate of those who refuse to hear.
* **A Consequence of Rejection:** The use of `{{G1621}}` is always precipitated by the rejection of God's messengers. It is not an arbitrary or initial act, but a final, concluding gesture performed only after the gospel has been refused [[Matthew 10:14]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G1621}}` is more than a simple physical motion. It is a potent, symbolic act within the New Testament used to signify a complete and final separation from those who reject the gospel. Whether shaking dust from the feet or shaking out one's garments, the gesture serves as a solemn testimony, a declaration of the messenger's innocence, and a stark visual representation of the spiritual consequences faced by those who oppose and blaspheme God's word.
TRV